Laissez-faire Versus Government Intervention

Historically, the U.S. government policy toward business was summed up by the French term laissez-faire -- leave it alone. The concept came from the economic theories of Adam Smith, the 18th-century Scot whose writings greatly influenced the growth of American capitalism. Smith believed that private interests should have a free rein. As long as markets were free and competitive, he said, the actions of private individuals, motivated by self-interest, would work together for the greater good of society. Smith did favor some forms of government intervention, mainly to establish the ground rules for free enterprise. But it was his advocacy of laissez-faire practices that earned him favor in America, a country built on faith in the individual and distrust of authority. Laissez-faire practices have not prevented private interests from turning to the government for help on numerous occasions, however. Railroad companies accepted grants of land and public subsidies in the 19th century. Industries facing strong competition from abroad have long appealed for protections through trade policy. American agriculture, almost totally in private hands, has benefited from government assistance. Many other industries also have sought and received aid ranging from tax breaks to outright subsidies from the government. Government regulation of private industry can be divided into two categories -- economic regulation and social regulation. Economic regulation seeks, primarily, to control prices. Designed in theory to protect consumers and certain companies (usually small businesses) from more powerful companies, it often is justified on the grounds that fully competitive market conditions do not exist and therefore cannot provide such protections themselves. In many cases, however, economic regulations were developed to protect companies from what they described as destructive competition with each other. Social regulation, on the other hand, promotes objectives that are not economic -- such as safer workplaces or a cleaner environment. Social regulations seek to discourage or prohibit harmful corporate behavior or to encourage behavior deemed socially desirable. The government controls smokestack emissions from factories, for instance, and it provides tax breaks to companies that offer their emplo yees health and retirement benefits that meet certain standards. American history has seen the pendulum swing repeatedly between laissez-faire principles and demands for government regulation of both types. For the last 25 years, liberals and conservatives alike have sought to reduce or eliminate some categories of economic regulation, agreeing that the regulations wrongly protected companies from competition at the expense of consumers. Political leaders have had much sharper differences over social regulation, however. Liberals have been much more likely to favor government intervention that promotes a variety of non-economic objectives, while conservatives have been more likely to see it as an intrusion that makes businesses less competitive and less efficient. --- Next Article: Growth of Government Intervention in the Economy This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man - 925 Words

In Ralph Ellison’s, Invisible Man, Grandfather’s dream presents a piece of advice that challenges and opens Invisible Man’s eyes to different perspectives. The dream haunts Invisible Man as he often refers to and reflects upon his grandfather’s advice. Invisible Man struggles with its complex and unclear meaning, but it eventually leads him to find his true identity. Through this struggle, Ellison suggests that power and conflicting ideologies can make it difficult to find one’s identity in a racist society. Grandfather’s dream is not only significant to the work as a whole, but the novel revolves around it. Invisible Man thinks about the dream so much it consumes him. The advice relates to Invisible Man and his experiences throughout pivotal moments in his life. Grandfather begins his advice saying, â€Å"Son, after I’m gone I want you to keep up the good fight† (Ellison 16). Invisible Man wonders what kind of fight he is or will be fighting in his life. A significant battle he faces is fitting in with white society. By attending an all black college, he believes he is on the path to success and being accepted by white men, which he seeks to attain more than anything. Invisible Man disregards the advice because he feels he has everything he has ever wanted, and his grandfather is insane for saying such things on his deathbed. Little does he know, grandfather means to keep up the good fight for racial equality and future generations. The good fight is not in fac t good, forShow MoreRelatedRalph Ellison s Invisible Man1268 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Ellison s â€Å"Invisible Man† is an illustration of African American scholarly work managing the racial fight against African Americans in the USA. The fundamental character, in this specific case it is the storyteller, stays anonymous all through the novel which permits him to present his backgrounds with a specific level of separation, yet, in the meantime offering the pursuer a look into his one of a kind view of the occasions that occur all throughout the novel. As the novel unfolds it turnsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1190 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Position in Invisible Man In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the author portrays a world in which black men are dominated by a white, racist patriarchy. With this, Ellison draws a connection between both the plight of women and black men—both are oppressed by white males. The author repeatedly portrays women’s suffering from invisibility by continuously erasing their human presence throughout the novel since they only function as devices for men to use. More-so, Ellison depicts how men—includingRead MoreRalph Ellison s Invisible Man1429 Words   |  6 Pageswho incorporate political or social issues into their novels are often doing so in order to create a deeper meaning by allowing these elements to serve as a basis while also allowing these elements to give the characters direction. In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main social issue that prevails throughout the course of the novel is race in the society. The concept of race as one of the main focuses of this novel in particular provides a basis for the main character, the narrator, for whichRead MoreRalph Ellison s Invisible Man886 Words   |  4 PagesA major aspect of the black power movement in the 20th century was the emergence of civil rights groups such as the black communist party. Most civil rights groups in the North consisted of black and white members. In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, he portrays the corruption concealed in such groups through the narrator’s involvement in the Brotherhood. The narrator was appointed as the spokesman for a black communist coalition in Harlem. His experience in the Brotherhood causes him to be alienatedRead MoreRalph Ellison s Invisible Man1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthis human tendency, Ralph Ellison, through the experiences of his narrator and through the use of rhetorical devices, weaves his argument against conformity and for diversity in his critically acclaimed work, Invisible Man. He asserts that man must retain his own sense o f individuality and embrace the differences of others, as conforming to a certain self-made ideology only exacerbates his desire for self-preservation, a detriment to the progress of humanity. Conformity forces man to gain power forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prologue Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1367 Words   |  6 PagesIn the prologue of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the unnamed narrator says that he is invisible, for he is not actually seen—or rather recognized—for his true self but through the imaginations of others’ minds. As surreal as his life under this â€Å"invisibility† and, literally, the ground is, the Invisible Man convinces with vivid details and emphatic diction. But the passage detailing his hallucination seems out of place, as it has far more ambiguous language and moral. However, his hallucinationRead MoreThe Real History in Ralph Ellison ´s Invisible Man Essay1831 Words   |  8 Pagesabout the novel Invisible Man. I chose the novel Invisible Man because it is literally perfect for this assignment. I am fully appreciative of the fact that it is extremely hard for any author to publish a novel that does not sway from the â€Å"real† history being referenced. Also, I do not believe that Ellison necessarily wrote this novel with intentions to include exact characteristics of the past, or in an ahistorical way. However, throughout the text of the novel Invisible Man, there are severalRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And Its Impact On Ralph Ellison s Book The Invisible Man Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesimpact on Ralph Ellison’s book The Invisible Man. This paper will illustrate how the Harlem Renaissance assisted the African-American intellectual community to gain acceptance in mainstream America and prompted the writing of the book The Invisible Man, written by Ralph Ellison. Throughout this paper, I will examine the social context and climate of Ellison’s work. This paper will focus on the experience of a young African American man who claims to be invisible. However, the young man argues thatRead More`` Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison : A Black Man s Search For Identity2068 Words   |  9 Pagesidentity can also be defined as one’s name. Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a story about a black man’s search for identity in a racist, 1930s America. The first person narrator of this story is nameless, missing one key part of identity from the beginning; the only identifying trait that we are given is the color of his skin, which says a lot about his social position during this era, but not much about him as an individual person. â€Å"Who the hell am I?† (Ellison 386). This is the question that the narratorRead MoreRevelations Of The Fictional Characters Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1402 Words   |  6 PagesDrew Wiseman Mrs. McElroy AP English 12 September 3, 2012 Revelations of the Protagonist In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main character goes through a spiritual realization just as Meursault does in Albert Camus’ The Stranger. In the Invisible Man, Dr. Bledsoe leads the protagonist astray to the fabled Harlem of New York City. Once the narrator arrives in Harlem, it becomes apparent that he was sent to Harlem as a punishment and has been permanently expelled from black college. The narrator

Virtual Private Network Free Essays

Faith, my best friend has been trying to get some online writing job. She found some good websites the only problem was her location; the services could not be offered in her country Kenya. She informed me about it and I just learned about VPN so I advised to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Private Network or any similar topic only for you Order Now So what’s a VPN? VPN stands for Virtual Private Networks. It gives you online privacy and anonymity by creating a private network from a public Internet connection. VPNs mask your Internet protocol (IP) address so your online actions are virtually untraceable. Most important, VPN services establish secure and encrypted connections too. How VPN protects your privacy? VPNs essentially create a data tunnel between your local network and an exit node in another location, which could be thousands of miles away, making it seem as if you’re in another place. This benefit allows â€Å"online freedom† or the ability to access your favorite apps and websites from anywhere in the world.VPN providers.There are many choices when it comes to VPN providers. There are some VPN providers who offer free service and there are some who charge for VPN service. Paid VPN providers offer robust gateways, proven security, free software and unmatched speed.VPN protocolsThe number of protocols and available security features has grown with time but the most common protocols are:PPTP-PPTP tunnels a point-to-point connection over the GRE protocol.It is strong and can be set up on every major OS but it is not the most secure. L2TP/IPsec- It is more secure than PPTP and offers more features. L2TP/IPsec implements two protocols together to gain the best features of each; L2TP protocol creates a tunnel and IPsec provides a secure channel. This makes an impressively secure package.Open VPN- OpenVPN is an SSL-based VPN that is gaining popularity. SSL is a mature encryption protocol and OpenVPN can run on a single UDP or TCP port.The software used is open source and freely available.That’s all for today for more inquiries on VPNs register on my email list for more info. How to cite Virtual Private Network, Papers

History of Consumer Movements-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the History of Consumer Movements and Development of Recovery. Answer: The History of Consumer Movements and Development of Recovery The history of consumer movements dates back to early 70s. At this time, several organised civil rights groups were also in full force (Morrison, 2013). Some of these civil rights groups that were in operation at the time of the conception of consumer movement included American Civil Rights Association, Physical Disabilities Movement, Women Movement for the right to vote and Gay Movement. Notably, in the late 1960s, de-institutionalisation of large state mental hospitals had already begun (Braslow, 2013). At this time, ex-patients from different mental hospitals then started to meet and organise themselves in small groups across the country. They would organise to meet in churches, living rooms, and community centres where they would express their anger at the system that had caused a lot of harm on them(Braslow, 2013). Basically, most of these patients had been subjected to gruesome procedures including forceful subjection to insulin therapy and or shock treatment. The mental patien ts were as well used as source of labour to the state hospitals with no pay at all. It was because of all these de-humanisation that angered all the ex-patients (Morrison, 2013). The first groups that formed an organisation included the Insane Liberation Front, in Portland, in 1970, then Mental Patients Libration Project in New York and Mental Patients Liberation Front in Boston both formed in 1971 (Thuma, 2014). The Network Against Psychiatric Assault is another group that formed later in 1972. The major activities that these groups got involved in included demonstrating at the psychiatric hospitals. The protesters would then communicate by means of conferences and newsletters that allowed people to share their stories. In1980s, the Federal Government started supporting the programs of the movements organised by ex-patients through the Community Support Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (Rosenberg Rosenberg, 2013). In1988 SAMHSA provided funds for 13 self-help dem onstration programs. In 1990s, other many new consumer groups were formed (Davidson, 2016). As from 2000s, peer involvement in all the areas of the mental health system increased; working in the inpatient as well as community settings. From the evidence all over, it is possible that people with mental illness can recover. Recovery orientation has now become recognised in policy as being a service in Australia and the world at large (Chen, Krupa, Lysaght, McCay, Piat, 2013). Basically, the development of recovery dates back between 1970s and 1980s in the U.S, a concept/notion that Australia has embedded into policy in 1980s like the Mental Health Recovery Movement (Gehart,2012). In Australia, the driving forces behind recovery movement have been consumer groups and non-government. These sectors have been promoting the application of recovery from mental health illness as from early 1990s. In1992, when the National Mental Health Strategy was endorsed, recovery gained prominence. Also, in 2006-2011, the Council Of Australians National Action Plan on Mental Health boosted the notion of recovery. Recovery Basics From the mental illness patients perspective, recovery means to gain and retain hope, understand ones disabilities and abilities, engaging in active life, positive self-esteem, social identity, purpose and meaning of life and finally personal autonomy (Drake Whitley, 2014). Notably, recovery is not synonymous to cure. Recovery follows basic principles whose purpose is to ensure that the mental health services are delivered in a way that supports recovery of consumers of mental health. The basic principles include: Dignity and respect Real choices Evaluating recovery Attitudes and Rights Uniqueness of the individual Partnership and communication It is also important to note that all recovery paradigms have central descriptions that include self-determination, hope, advocacy, empowerment and self-management (Drake Whitley, 2014; Stylianos Kehyayan, 2012). Recovery has notable characteristics that include A unique and personal journey A normal human process (Drake Whitley, 2014). A journey rarely taken for many people Nonlinear as it is often interspersed with setbacks and achievement An ongoing experience and not the same as cure or an end point Consumer Role In Recovery And Importance Of Consumer Participation Consumers play vital roles in recovery. Basically, mental health consumer workers play roles that include but not limited to: taking part in the planning of the mental health services, execution of peer support roles, execution of roles aimed at supporting clients, advocacy roles, mentoring duties, liaison activities, development of mental health policy, evaluation of mental health services and finally, education in addition to providing training services to professionals and consumers (Bird et al., 2012). Consumer participation refers to the process of involving health consumers in the policy development, setting quality and priorities, and decisions making about the health service planning in the delivery of mental health services. Firstly, consumer participation reduces level of expenditure as they help in defining health goals, problem detection and information gathering (Bird et al., 2012). Secondly, consumer participation improves the quality of the mental health care system. For example, consumers can undergo training to instruct psychiatrist nursing students to create a greater practical insight into the experience of the consumer. Thirdly, consumer participation may result into measurable improvement in health outcomes for the consumer. For instance, the consumers will value the programs of treatment if they do comprehend their health condition (Bird et al., 2012). Also, when the consumers participate, they get equipped with parameters upon which they can self-detect warning s igns of relapse. Finally, consumer participation enhances consumers willingness to complete treatment programs suiting hem as such, reducing anxiety. Role of Peer Workforce Peer workforce performs roles that require personal lived experience of the mental health that include peer support and advisor roles. The roles of the peer workforce in supporting mental health service user bodies include; developing relationships at the national level with mental health service user bodies, provision of mentoring and supervision skills training, development of peer support worker role within the mental health sector, provision of support to the on-going development of consumer advisory roles, facilitating forums for leaderships groups in mental health and finally making sure that voice of the consumer at each level of health mental sector is effective (Canady,2016; Barnow, 2013). References Barnow,B.S. (2013). State Approaches to the Recovery Act's Workforce Development Provisions.The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: The Role of Workforce Programs, 21-34. doi:10.17848/9780880994743.ch2 Bird,V.J., Le Boutillier,C., Leamy,M., Larsen,J., Oades,L.G., Williams,J., Slade,M. (2012). Assessing the strengths of mental health consumers: A systematic review.Psychological Assessment,24(4), 1024-1033. doi:10.1037/a0028983 Braslow,J.T. (2013). The Manufacture of Recovery.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,9(1), 781-809. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185642 Canady,V.A. (2016). CMHS meeting addresses BH care quality, peer workforce.Mental Health Weekly,26(9), 3-5. doi:10.1002/mhw.30523 Chen, S. P., Krupa, T., Lysaght, R., McCay, E., Piat, M. (2013). The development of recovery competencies for in-patient mental health providers working with people with serious mental illness.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,40(2), 96-116. Davidson,L. (2016). The Recovery Movement: Implications For Mental Health Care And Enabling People To Participate Fully In Life.Health Affairs,35(6), 1091-1097. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0153 Drake,R.E., Whitley,R. (2014). Recovery and Severe Mental Illness: Description and Analysis.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,59(5), 236-242. doi:10.1177/070674371405900502 Gehart,D.R. (2012). The Mental Health Recovery Movement and Family Therapy, Part I: Consumer-Led Reform of Services to Persons Diagnosed with Severe Mental Illness.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,38(3), 429-442. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00230.x Morrison,L.J. (2013).Talking Back to Psychiatry: The Psychiatric Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement. Florence: Taylor and Francis. Rosenberg,J., Rosenberg,S. (2013).Where Do We Go From Here? The Mental Health Consumer?Community mental health: Challenges for the 21st century. New York, NY: Routledge. Stylianos,S., Kehyayan,V. (2012). Advocacy: Critical component in a comprehensive mental health system.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,82(1), 115-120. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01143.x Thuma,E. (2014). Against the Prison/Psychiatric State: Anti-violence Feminisms and the Politics of Confinement in the 1970s.Feminist Formations,26(2), 26-51. doi:10.1353/ff.2014.0022

This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes Essay Example For Students

This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes Essay Listen up soldiers, we have a crisis on our hands. A silent army has been built up over hundreds of years and is the most deadly enemy we have ever had to face. This enemy you people have known since the day you were brought into this world. You are face to face with this enemy every day, unknowing that every step you take, every move you make, and every decision you face is contributing somehow to this armys strength. In case you havent noticed yet, ladies and gentlemen, this enemy is ourselves. Slowly and surely we are destroying animals, ourselves and most importantly the only planet we have, Earth. You have probably all heard this speech a thousand times before, and well if this has to be the 1001 before we get off our lazy, self-destructing asses and do something to fix it, so be it! I admit Im no better than the rest of you at the simple things in everyday life that are destroying this planet, but the whole issue pisses me off. Our whole existence revolves around money, and our personal benefit. We will write a custom essay on This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We have forgotten how to do things for others, how to help the planet and, in turn, how to benefit the species. The fact is simple people, were killing ourselves. Many, however, dont notice it. They believe what theyre doing is either beneficial, or that they are too small to do anything about it. Well most of them are right, most of us fall under some sort of higher power, which means that the root of the problems are mainly the governments. Dont think that this is leading into one of those x-filesy, conspiracy theory type lectures, however if youd like to call it that, I wont be one to judge. I do believe the governments know how to prevent and stop much of the problems in our world today. For example, its a widely known fact that we have the technology to use water instead of gas for cars, but the government wont allow production because they get money off gas, and to them its more important than a clean environment, more important than contaminating the water, or killing off animals because of the pollution even when the money they get from the gas ends up being put back into trying to control these problems anyway. And who was the guy who thought that burning fossil fuels would be a good source of energy anyway? Did they take the first suggestion that came up or what? Fossil fuels are not everlasting guys, HELLO! Is our species so narrow-minded that we cant see into the future and realise that one day it will run out. Or did we know that in the beginning and not care cause it was the only resource we could use? Did we then become so lazy that we couldnt spend the time and money ooo not money!! o figure out some other sort of fuel or energy source?!?! This is nuts!!! So go ahead try and hide. Protect yourselves with your fancy guns and munitions, run away with your trains, planes, and automobiles or go about as if nothings happening. None of those will help you much cause the only way we can shelter ourselves from whats to come is if we stop it from ever happening. Now are you all able to get off your couches, stop watching your TVs and do something about it? Didnt think so but it was worth a tr y anyway.

The Toy Industry Case Study

The Toy Industry Case Study The toy industry in America is among the largest in the world with a global value that is estimated at $22 billion a year. Each year a total of 3.6 billion toys are sold through the market to consumers, making it one of the most vibrant industries in America; three quarter of all toys in the world including these are made in China under degrading conditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Toy Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The adverse effects of this flourishing business has wide ramifications not only to the workers who are mostly affected, but to the consumers as well as. The nature of working conditions for most workers employed in toy manufacturing industries in China can be described as demeaning and inhuman to say the least. In addition, the very safety of these toys to consumers has now become a big issue since they are a health hazard to children who are the target group of the multibillion do llar industry. Just recently, Mattel manufacturing Company which is one of the toy industries in China recalled more than two million toys that it had made because they contained high levels of lead in their paints. The working condition for people employed in these industries amounts to human rights abuse that Chinese government officials admit but which they appear powerless to address. These two are the ethical issues expounded by the case study, in general the ethical issues that comes out can be summarized in one sentence; abuse of human rights, exploitation of labor and production of goods that are harmful to the intended consumers. There are four cardinal principles of ethics that have so far been advanced; beneficence, justice, least harm and respect for autonomy, others that are commonly applied include the principles of common good and of human dignity among others. From a medical perspective, the principle of beneficence states that a medical practitioner shall at all tim es undertake actions in good faith and in best interest of the patient in mind. More generally it is a principle that is used to guide someone in doing what is right; under the circumstances presented in the case study, this principle will require the owners of the toy manufacturing Companies to act with the best interest of their workers and consumers in mind. This means that the need to make profit should not supersede their responsibility of providing safe working environment, humane work durations, standardized wages and safe toys to the children who use them. The second principle of least harm states that where there are two equal situations that are neither beneficial, a person must opt for the choice that causes least harm. Based on the case study this would seem to be the case since the options available for solving the problem goes down to two options; boycott the toys and contribute to unemployment of millions of people or continue buying toys made in china and continue to propagate the injustices and human rights abuses being done by these Companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the injustices does not affect all the workers in the industry and does not cause a lot of death as would be the case when people are unemployed and therefore unable to feed themselves; the second choice would therefore be a better choice based on this principle. Finally on the third principle of justice, the toy manufacturing Companies are expected to be fair and just in their engagement with employees and their consumers. For instance, the employers would be expected to adequately compensate the workers by paying them acceptable rates based on the profit that they generate instead of paying them peanuts when they are making billions. In conclusion, application of these ethical principles would be very effective in enabling all the stakeholders th at are involved in this industry such as the consumers, employers and labor officials to arrive at fair decisions that addresses the injustices that are being propagated by the toy industry.

Procurement and contract management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Procurement and contract management - Coursework Example The present paper looks into the supplier relationship of BCAM which is being managed by Irwin family dealing in agricultural components. The paper will further study the outsourcing options available to the company, suggest a methodology and outline certain difficulties that the company may experience in global outsourcing. a) BCAM – Supplier Relation and Its Consequences Supplier development is a process where on partner in a relationship modifies or otherwise influences the behavior of the other partner with a view to mutual benefit (Crocker, 2009). British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery (BCAM) was established by Harry Irwin’s father hundred years ago during the period of mass industrialization manufacturing tractors and other agricultural machinery such as harvesters, balers, movers, seed drills, and sprayers. While reviewing the purchasing procedure at BCAM, it is revealed that orders are placed in bulk even though if the materials are not required for the pur pose of production so as to avoid logistical time and costs. BCAM supplier development strategy was weak considering the fact they placed their orders with the suppliers who were associated with the company for many years. According to Crocker (2009) supplier development is necessary to develop the supply base in areas of recognized weakness, develop a long term relationship with few reliable suppliers, reduce the risk by sharing information, enhance the benefits of mutual goals and synchronize the overall process of supply chain process. This shows that the company’s transactions were limited to few suppliers and the relationship between both is adversarial as BCAM doesn’t pay them as agreed during the contract. Saunders et al (Swamidass 2000) mentioned that adversarial relationship is promoted when they operate at arm’s length with communication without personal contact and gains by one partner are seen as being at the expense of other contributing to apparent lack of trust and not ready to share information. According to Handfield and Bechtel (2002, reliance on trust at the interpersonal level may be conditioned by legal systems or organizational role responsibilities, mitigating the ability of parties to rely on trust as a matter of first preference. The relationship between BCAM and its suppliers exceeds their contract and operates beyond it resulting in breakage of supply chain management. The company had to face the consequences of such relationship as their orders placed by BCAM would not be taken as top priority leading to purchase departments failure to provide required material for production resulting in delayed customer delivery. The fact that both maintained cordial relationships and confidence on the suppliers side that they would definitely receive their payment made it possible to continue the transaction. Moreover, in such type of relationships, complaints are not addressed due to the negligence from buyers’ side a s evidence in BCAM Company wherein complaints by purchasing department were snubbed by suppliers owing to late payments. b) Buyer Supplier Relationship Approach Organizations are more actively involving suppliers in their integrated development process and identify suppliers as a source of competitive advantage which means that there is an opportunity to develop and identify the factors that could help sustain or improve the relationship between the buyer and the supplier (Nellore, 2001). Developing partnerships with suppliers is

AI Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AI Theory - Article Example Shannon, August 31, 1955: "We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it"2. Centuries before McCarthy coined the term AI, early traces of AI emergence can be found during the time of the ancient Greek Gods; the myths of golden robots created by a Greek God; Hephaestus3. The attempt to create AI could also be seen in the form of sacred statues worshipped in Egypt4 and Greece5. In medieval times, existence of AI was supported by claims made by alchemists e.g. Paracelsus created artificial beings6. Other examples of AI can be seen from the realistic clockwork imitations of human beings built by people like Yan Shi7, Hero of Alexandria8, Al-Jazari9 and Wolfgang von Kompelen10. AI was also present in famous modern fiction such as Mary Shelley's classic Frankenstein and the film Artificial Intelligence:A.I. The modern history of AI includes the birth of computers that were intelligent enough to solve word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English. The early 60s saw AI gaining popularity as evidenced by the generous fund provided by the US Department of Defense for AI research. The artificial research however met the doldrums in 1974 with funds on exploratory AI being cut off. The AI research was resuscitated in the early 80s with the commercial success of expert systems that applies knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 AI market reached the value of more than a billion dollars11. The AI market again fell into despair with the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 198712. The highlight of AI success was in the 90s and early 21st century where it was widely used in the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for logistics, data mining, medical diagnostics and many other areas13. The general theory for AI is mainly based on several characteristics found in normal human being such as deduction, reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning, motion and manipulation, and perception, amongst others. When solving puzzles, playing board games or make logical deductions a normal human being would go through the process of conscious and step-by-step reasoning14. These traits were successfully imitated through algorithms developed by early AI researchers. Nonetheless, AI researchers have yet to unravel the methods of replicating human traits in solving problems using unconscious reasoning. In order for the machines to solve problems, it needs extensive knowledge about the world e.g. objects, properties, categories and relations between objects15; situations, events, states and time16; causes and effect17. Most knowledge is difficult to be represented due to 3 reasons; default reasoning and the qualification problem, McCarthy [1969]18, unconscious know ledge and the breadth of common sense knowledge. In solving planning problems, the intelligent agent must have the ability of setting objective and achieving it19, thus it needs a way to visualize the future; i.e. having a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it. The

To what extent has Coalition Government affected the role and Essay - 3

To what extent has Coalition Government affected the role and functions of Prime Minister and Cabinet - Essay Example the Liberal Democrats and David Cameron’s Conservatives has been faced with different challenging administrative issues as compared to single-party governments that came before them. Issues of Cabinet Collective Responsibility, Individual Ministerial Responsibility, Cabinet Committees, and the Sofa Government have mostly changed the way former Prime Ministers have led a single-party government. Collective responsibility at the level of cabinet involves taking a common stand and owning up whenever a no confidence vote is passed by legislators to facilitate an en-masse resignation over government incompetence (Palmer, 2011). What follows normally is the formation of a new administration, or dissolution of parliament to pave way for a general election (Debus, 2011). In the UK, the principle is applicable to all government officials, from cabinet secretaries to lower ranking members of the executive including Parliamentary Private Secretaries (Martin, 2013). Whereas in a single-party government the doctrine may be suspended to facilitate a no-holds-barred debate on key policy issues affecting the public, a Prime Minister under a coalition government tend to be intolerant to dissenting opinion for fear that it could degenerate into a split in and an eventual collapse of government (Bawn, & Somer-Topcu, 2012). Paun (2011) suggests that even though collective responsibility was suspended in Britain in the 1930s debate about the implementation of protective taxation policies; and again in 1975 following the debate on whether the country should continue to serve in the European Economic Community, single-party Prime Ministers tend to be more democratic than their coalition counterparts when it comes to implementing collective responsibility. The isolated cases of breach of collective responsibility in majority governments and their lesser impacts could have informed Prime Minister Tony Blair’s decision in 2003 to permit Clare Short to continue serving in government,

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement Local, State, Federal Police and the Enforcement of Immigration Policies; Who is Responsible? ABSTRACT According to the Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics, 10.8 million undocumented immigrants reside in the United States, but the Pew Hispanic Center (2011) estimated the total number of undocumented immigrants in the United States to be 11.2 million (American Immigration Council, 2011). The U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) employ fewer than 2000 enforcement agents responsible for the apprehension, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants present in the U.S. (Tonnucci, 2011). Although there are more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies within the U.S., local and state law enforcement agencies primary mission involves a multitude of public safety duties and responsibilities. Law enforcement agencies have been operating with limited resources since the national economic downturn that began in 2008. The responsibility for the enforcement of federal immigration laws on the local or state level will overburden local and state responsibilities, redistribute limited personnel to unfamiliar functions, and sever beneficial relationships established in the communities being serviced (Booth, 2006). The recommendations presented are that law enforcement officials should be able to enforce the immigration laws that are already in place and reform laws that need relevant consequences, so there will be harsher punishments for those who choose to break the law. It will also suggest that if the U.S. chooses to let productive immigrants reside in the U.S., with proper and legal documentation, then they should be afforded educational and training opportunities so they can be successful members of society. INTRODUCTION The United States is a nation comprised of citizens with immigrant origins. Everyone, except possibly Native American Indians, can trace their ancestors to some other locale. Within the past two decades, the United States has experienced high increases in immigrant populations moving to all parts of the world, including Asia and Latin America (Khashu, 2009). As of 1990, the immigration population rose from 7.9% to 11.1% in 2000 and to 12.9% in 2013. The U.S. Census Bureau reported in 2013 that the U.S. was home to nearly 40 million immigrants (American Immigration Council, 2012). Americas acceptance of immigrants has created a diverse population that has witnessed conflict and suspicion toward immigrant groups. The demographic shifts have created national debate on the immigration policies, practices, and enforcement of established laws. Local police departments and state law enforcement agencies are being pressured to share responsibility in the enforcement of the established immigr ation laws although these federal laws should be the responsibility of the federal government, alone. With immigration laws being federal statutes, the federal government determines the role of the local and state law enforcement agencies in the enforcement of their laws. Federal agencies began to face daunting tasks surrounding the apprehension, detention, and deportation of nearly twelve million immigrants during the 1990s (Khashu, 2009). The federal government launched programs and initiatives in an effort to enlist the collaboration of approximately 18,000 local and state agencies to assist in the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants (Khashu, 2009). These programs were designed to improve the communication among local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in the sharing of detainee information. In 1996, Congress passed legislation expanding the role of local law enforcement with regards to federal immigration enforcement. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is the most notable program. The 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is a delegation of immigration authority to local and state law enforcement agencies within their respective jurisdictions allowing the enforcement of immigration laws under a joint Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)(Khashu, 2009). The issue of illegal immigration is a major problem that plagues our nation. The negative impact that is felt is more financial than any other due to the fact that a large majority of illegal immigrants do not pay their fair share of taxes which leads to a burden on honest, domesticated taxpayers and municipal governments. Because of the lack of funding to local and state agencies, departments have been forced to evaluate and organize with a move toward the concept of being held accountable for more with less. The significance of illegal immigration to law enforcement is the impact of the unaccounted population on staff and budget planning. An example during the budget planning process may include the number of bilingual officers a department needs to recruit and retain. Regardless of the budget implications, there is a growing concern about criminal implications associated with this portion of our population. Because of this, the community policing policy being implemented throughou t the United States in law enforcement agencies details the importance of community support and assistance with crime control. Police preventative strategies have proven important in the development of community partnerships through trust and cooperation, community/police collaboration, and the relationships. Local and state law enforcement agencies sharing the responsibility of the enforcement of immigration laws through immigration enforcement duties and responsibilities elicit the effectiveness of crime control. Police leaders continue to receive pressure as the decision of enforcing federal immigration laws is weighed against local police responsibilities diverting from protection and service to arrest and deportation. Local police enforcing federal immigration laws compromise the vision, mission, and purpose of local law enforcement priorities (Khashu, 2009). As stated, the enforcement of immigration laws should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government. Both legal and illegal immigrants from countries such as Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala have found a home here illegally. These countries do not value the same things as the United States, nor do they guarantee the rights of their citizens. Specifically, some of the mentioned countries, and their citizens , have misogynistic backgrounds, meaning the women are afforded little to no rights, and violence committed against them and their children, is not uncommon (Schurman-Kaulfin, 2006). POSITION In the United States, rape is considered a serious crime punishable as a felony, in the criminal justice system. In some areas of Mexico, rape is not considered a crime. If a man intends to marry a female, he can kidnap and rape her, no matter the age. Ricardo Capates is a serial rapist from Honduras who was convicted in New Jersey. He is an illegal immigrant who has been convicted of more than 20 counts of kidnapping, rape and robbery. Fedil Rodriquez, also from Honduras, is thought to have brought his hatred for women to the United States by savagely stabbing a female to death. Misogyny does not stay in their home country; it often migrates with the immigrant. If these cases of deviant behavior are not enough, consider looking at issues closer to home such as criminal street gangs. Many illegal immigrants join violent criminal gangs. According to a New American article, These gangs are highly organized with tentacles spread through several countries. (para. 5, 2011) Gangs are responsible for all types of crime that include robbery, theft, narcotics, illegal weapons, and murder. Another concern that is presenting itself is how we are dealing with this criminal element once they are caught and processed. The Immigrant Criminal Enforcement (ICE) routinely frees dangerous criminals that they cannot deport because the United States Supreme Court will not allow ICE to imprison an illegal for more than six months simply for the reason that they cannot be deported. Also, many times, ICE cannot deport because the home country is not willing to take them. Between 2001 and 2004, ICE released 27,947 criminal immigrants with 75% of them originating fro m countries that are known to be active in producing criminal elements (Colorados jails full,2011). In 2010, 127,000 immigrants from Mexico were removed from the United States because of criminal activity (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010). President Donald Trump released his plan to combat illegal immigration with a ten point schematic that starts with building a wall across the southern U.S. border to be paid for by Mexico. To control this border requires manpower, barriers, and technology. Fences are being used as well as unmanned aerial vehicles and high-altitude surveillance drones to fight the influx of illegal crossings by land, sea, and air. Another point is any illegal immigrant caught in the country for committing a crime will be held by way of preventive detention until that person is deported, even though the U.S. Supreme Court states otherwise. The creation of a deportation task force with the sole purpose of locating illegal immigrants who are committing crime or using governmental benefits illegally is another point in the Presidents plan. The use of the Federal Government to discipline cities, also known as sanctuary cities that create laws to protect undocumented aliens, will also be a point of contenti on. The cancellation of President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals immigration policy, better known as DACA, is another point of action. Roughly half a million young people brought to the U.S. as children have received temporary legal status. President Trump would also cancel President Obamas DAPA program or Deferred Action for Parents of Americans, which would give similar status to undocumented parents of American citizens. President Trump will block immigration from countries where vetting is not possible such as Syria and Libya. The next point in the immigration policy is the opportunity to force countries to take back the immigrants that the U.S. does not want. The establishment of a biometric visa scanning system to identify immigrants through fingerprint or retinal scan, only when entering the country, is on the agenda. The President would like to strengthen the E-Verify system to disallow illegal immigrants from finding work in this country. The final point that Pres ident Trump would like to implement is the lowering of the legal immigrant cap to respectable norms. A small percentage of the U.S. total population would be allowed for legal, documented immigrants. There are significant costs imposed on the citizens of the United States by the imposition of illegal immigrants. These costs are prevalent on many governmental levels and range from education to welfare to medical care to criminal justice and beyond (Edwards, 2010). The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) showed that illegal immigrants cost the taxpayers of the U.S. around $113 billion yearly. The federal governments share is approximately $29 billion, while state and local governments incur more than $84 billion per year with 56% of welfare usage directed toward immigrant families (Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts, 2011). Welfare is defined by programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for low income families, the elderly, and disabled; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Women, Infant and Children (WIC) food program; free or reduced lunches; food stamps, which are also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Medicaid or h ealth insurance for low income persons; public housing; and rent subsidies (Camarota, 2011). The two main reasons for the high number of immigrants that use these programs are that education is very low for the illegal immigrant-headed households and because there is often just one worker in the household (Camarota, 2011). According to the Federation of American Immigration reform, immigrant criminal behavior costs the federal government approximately $7.8 billion annually between police, court, and prison expenses (Colorados jails full, 2011). Edwards (2010) states, some proponents for illegal immigrants assert that illegals do pay taxes. Not only the FAIR study, but any honest analysis shows that illegal aliens do not come close to paying their fair share of taxes (para. 8). Federal taxes paid by illegal aliens amount to about $9.6 billion annually (Edwards, 2010). The FAIR report further stated illegals contribute just $3.96 billion a year to state and local coffers. Thats eclipsed several times over by the $84 billion illegals collect through state and local public services. ( para.8) Camarota (2011) explained that having tax liability does not mean that the household would actually have to pay federal taxes. Federal and state taxes, through employment, are where funds come from in order to pay for welfare programs and federal and state run jails or prisons. The case of Brown v. Plata in 2011identified the Supreme Court ruling that the prisoners of a California prison were having their eighth amendment rights violated because the overcrowding was seen as cruel and unusual punishment. The court forced California to create room by releasing 46,000 of their 140,000 inmates back into society. It would seem simple to just send the prisoners back over the border; however, the federal government argued that immigration enforcement is not a state issue but a federal one; yet they expect the State of California to pay the bill. By definition, illegal immigrants are performing criminal activity just by being in the U.S. without being documented. Of those undocumented criminals, the immigrants that have been convicted of unrelated crimes at the state level not only have no right to be in this country but have abused the privilege of being here. In order to get jobs, benefits, or even a drivers license, one must possess some sort of identification. Those forms of identification include a birth certificate, social security card, drivers license, or passport. If a person is illegal and has no form of identification, it is difficult to acquire such documentation. However, there are people and organizations that sell these kinds of documents. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security released a fact sheet that stated from 2006 to 2010, the DHS Fraud Department generated 1,871 indictments, 2,251 criminal arrests, and 1,643 felony convictions for the manufacturing, sale, or use of counterfeit documents (Fact sheet, 2010). The Obama Administration attempted to expand an effort to check the 300,000 to 450,000 incarcerated illegal aliens in jails around the country. The Secure Communities program allows law enforcement officials to match fingerprints against federal immigration databases so those in the United States without authorization will face deportation when they complete their jail terms (Kingsbury, 2009). In 2016, only 3,000 had their immigration status checked. As with any controversial issue, there will be critics who complicate the matter and criticize the way a process works. In this circumstance, critics contend that the program will lead to racial profiling. A coalition of immigration rights groups wrote the House Speaker and explained that the program creates an incentive for police to arrest people on pre-textual or minor crimes so that their immigration status can be checked (Kingbury, 2009). The concern is making sure that people have access to counsel or are advised of their rights.(2 008, para 10) Strohm went on to say, sometimes people are pressured into signing away their rights by basically stipulating that they are removable from the United States. (para.10) COUNTER POSITION Proponents of law enforcement agencies abstaining from enforcing federal immigration laws believe economical advantages which stimulate the United States economy as important in the decision of not placing more stern restrictions on illegal immigrants. The American Immigration Council (2011c) reported that immigrants play a crucial role in the U.S. economy as workers, entrepreneurs, taxpayers and consumers. Immigrant workers add to the amount of workers in the United States which increases the size of the economy and increases the nations gross domestic product (GDP). Immigrants are at the top and the bottom of the educational scale which balances out due to Americans being in the center. This inequality depicts immigrants and U.S. workers complementing one another which spurs the economic growth (American Immigration Council, 2010). Immigration has the ability of pushing Americans toward better paying jobs, enhancing production, and creating jobs for the economy. Americans and immig rants have different levels of education which prevent them from competing in the same job markets. For example, a study conducted by the Fiscal Policy Institute examined the top 25 metropolitan areas in the U.S., and determined that the economic growth of metropolitan areas and growth in the immigrant proportion of the workforce were closely linked together. Although economists estimate that the overall benefit of immigration is small, there is a positive impact in the nations economy (American Immigration Council, 2012). The National Academy of Sciences concluded that immigration helps replenish the U.S. talent pool as baby boomers retire from the science and engineering labor force. Immigrants also contribute to U.S. innovation and growth. For example, the Partnership for a New American Economy found that more than 40% of the 2010 Fortune 500 companies were established by immigrants or their children. Kraft Foods, Nordstrom, RadioShack, Cigna and General Dynamics are included references having immigrant founders. These companies have combined revenues of $4.2 trillion dollars and employ more than 10 million individuals across the world (American Immigration Council, 2011b). According to the American Immigration Council (2012), illegal immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy, and the country would lose $551.6 billion dollars in economic activity if all illegal immigrants were removed from the United States. This amount would equate to a loss of $245 billion in gross domestic product and an estimate d 2.8 million jobs. President Donald Trumps immigration plan implies statements that abstain from certain facts. President Trump says he wants to end birthright citizenship, indicating that it remains the biggest magnet for illegal immigration. Birthright citizenship refers to the fact that a child born on U.S. soil is a U.S. citizen, even though both of the parents are illegal. Because the parents arent citizens, they cant be issued a green card by their child until they are 21. Indications are that jobs and housing opportunities are the biggest reason for those coming to the U.S. illegally. Immigrants didnt state that birthright was the reason for coming to the U.S. instead; a majority claimed jobs brought them to the United States and the remaining correspondents cited family reasons. President Trumps plan states the cost on the U.S. for illegal immigration from Mexico is extraordinary. Taxpayers pick up billions of dollars in healthcare, housing, education, and welfare costs. However, studies have d etermined a small impact of illegal immigration on state and local budgets, and a positive impact on the federal budget. The Trump immigration plan claims that there are three million immigrants imprisoned due to arrests. Actually the number is 1.7 million and includes non convictions. About a third of those offenses were immigration offenses (529,859) and traffic violations (404,788). President Trump said that unless Mexico pays for the wall across the southern border, he would increase fees on border crossing cards issued to Mexicans. Border crossing cards are valid for ten years after issuance, except for children under 15.These are the same as a visitors visa and are issued to those with Mexican citizenship and residency, a Mexican passport, and ties to Mexico that would make them want to return to Mexico. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION As anyone can see, illegal immigration is a very controversial issue. There are advantages and disadvantages to both sides of the debate. There is a definite harm that comes from illegal immigrants, namely crimes that are committed against persons/properties by these immigrants. The crime rate is high enough in the United States without allowing the borders to be unsecured to illegal immigrants who cross them to commit heinous crimes. All crime cannot be blamed on immigrants, but they are a part of the problem. American jails are already overcrowded, and they are being asked to house more prisoners because of the influx of illegal immigrants. The United States spends billions of dollars every year dealing with this issue and the economy is already very unstable. There is also a humanitarian side of the issue. Some illegal immigrants have worked hard for little pay for many years and have committed only the crime of trying to feed their family. Nevertheless, they have still committed a crime by not getting the necessary paperwork or by being in possession of fraudulent documents to obtain work or services, while here illegally. With the weakening of American families through high divorce rates and one parent families, further deterioration of the family unit is not needed. Losing a breadwinner or a caregiver from a family is devastating, more so when living below the poverty level and have very little outside support to begin with. Local and state law enforcement agencies should refrain from the enforcement of federal immigration laws. Immigration enforcement should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government in an effort to prevent further complications of the overflowing duties surrounding the mission of crime reduction (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Overall, law enforcement executives have chosen to take a careful and balanced approach in responding to pressures of immigration enforcement on a local and state level showing the significance in maintaining community support (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Khashu (2009) denoted the primary issue regarding immigration enforcement is Congress failing to develop comprehensive immigration reform legislation which would have provided a national solution to the issue. The State of Arizona passed SB 1070 in 2010 that addressed immigration enforcement on the local level and expanded the authority of local law enforcement regarding federal immigration laws. The constitutionality of this legislation was challenged in federal court and sparked debates regarding the issue on all levels (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Essentially, this unresolved issue has prompted local and state law enforcement agencies to intensify the enforcement of immigration laws, prohibit undocumented immigrant access to government benefits and services, violate the civil right of documented and undocumented immigrants, as well as penalize employers found hiring undocumented immigrants (Khashu, 2009). International and national public safety issues are complex and are apparently forced to be the primary focus of local and state law enforcement agencies. Immigration enforcement on those levels has shifted their primary focus from protecting and serving the public to apprehending and deporting undocumented immigrants within the communities they serve. A shift in focus of this can define the relationship between the police and the public. Many of these relationships took years to establish and will take extreme effort to maintain by continuing to build trust and obtain the confidence of the public. Undocumented immigrants reside in communities across the U.S. and assist the local and state police in resolving crime problems through collaboration, support, and cooperation on behalf of community members. Khashu (2009) explained how police executives continue to urge the federal government to enact comprehensive immigration reform in an effort to thwart relentless consequences on cities and towns throughout the U.S. who have difficulty addressing immigration concerns effectively. Police executives are working to develop policies and solutions that are most advantageous for their respective jurisdictions. Ultimately, the duty of public safety organizations is to provide protection to all residents in their communities regardless of their status as an undocumented or documented immigrant. Although federal reform immigration statutes remain absent, police leaders are working to establish and implement practical policies that are fair and capable of maintaining the trust of all segments of the community (Hoffmaster, Murphy, Mcfadden Griswold, 2010). Recently President Trump mentioned the installation of 150,000 National Guardsmen throughout the country with the sole purpose of the locating and deporting undocumented immigrants that are wanted by local and state agencies. This is a positive action as long as it remains the action of the federal government and not another responsibility of local and state agencies. There is already enough on their plates. REFERENCES American Immigration Council (2010). Strength in diversity: The economic and political clout of immigrants, Latinos, and Asians.Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/strength-diversity-economic-and-political-power-immigrants-latinos-and-asians American Immigration Council (2011a). Fiscally irresponsible: Immigration enforcement without reform wastes taxpayer dollars. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/fiscally-irresponsible-immigration-enforcement-without-reform-wastes-taxpayer-dollars American Immigration Council (2011b). Rebooting the American dream: The role of immigration in a 21st century economy. Immigration Policy Center. American Immigration Council (2011c). Unauthorized immigrants pay taxes, too.Immigration Policy Center. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/unauthorized-immigrants-pay-taxes-too American Immigration Council (2012). Value added: Immigrants create jobs and businesses, boost wages of native-born workers. Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/value-added-immigrants-create-jobs-and-businesses-boost-wages-native-born-workers. Booth, D. (2006). Federalism on ICE: State and local enforcement of federal Immigration law. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 29  (3), 1063-1083. Camarota, S. A.(2011, April). Welfare use by immigrant households with children. Retrieved from http://cis.org/immigrant-welfare-use-2011 Colorados jails full of illegal aliens.(2011, July 4).New American,27(13), 7.   Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts. (2011, May 24).The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/24/deport-californias-illegal-alien-convicts/ Edwards, J.R. (2010, September 6). Enforcing immigration laws would save taxpayers millions. Human Events,66 (31), 1-9. Fact sheet: Document and benefit fraud task forces.(2010, February24). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://www.ice.gov/news/library/factsheets/doc-bene-fraud.htm Hoffmaster, D., Murphy, G., McFadden, S., Griswold, M. (2010).  Police and immigration: How chiefs are leading their communities through the challenges. Washington, DC:Police Executive Research Foundation. Khashu, A. (2009).The role of local police: Striking a balance between immigration enforcement and civil liberties. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation. Kingsbury, A. (2009, May 22). Illegal immigrant criminal crackdown. U.S. News, 1(18),8.Pew Hispanic Center (2011) Schurman-Kauflin, D. (2006). Importing violence: The danger of immigration from violent cultures [Essay]. Atlanta, GA:  Violent Crimes Institute, LCC. Strohm, C. (2008, October 27). DHS launches program to find illegal immigrants in jails. CongressDaily, 11. Tonucci, C. (2011, Spring). Legalizing the immigration posse. National Lawyers Guild Review, 68(1), 1-31. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2011).Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2010.Retrieved from  http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/ois_yb_2010.pdf

Analysis of Hazlitts Article on Travel :: Literary Analysis Travel Essays Papers

Analysis of Hazlitt's Article on Travel Hazlitt's article on travel advocates the benefits of solo travel within one's own country. His affection for travel is strong. He calls going on a journey "one of the pleasantest things in the world". Hazlitt stresses that solitude while on a journey is a must, saying "nature is company enough for me", and "I am never less alone than when alone". Hazlitt insists that sharing in the experience of nature with a companion takes away from the sensory experience of it. He asserts bluntly: "I cannot see the wit of walking and talking at the same time". He believes conversation distracts from the scenery, and that nature does not need to be discussed, only experienced. To tale about the scene while experiencing it diminishes it and takes away from its immediate beauty. Scenery is not to be negotiated. Everyone will have their own unique experience of nature, and since each experience is personal it is futile to compare experiences. Hazlitt says: "The continual comparing of notes interferes with the involuntary impression of things upon the mind, and hurts the sentiment". His view opposes that of Alphonse Frankenstein, who urges Victor to take a family tour of the Chamounix, insisting that companionship in the experience compounds its remedial value. But Hazlitt seeks freedom from fellow men when he journeys. He says "the soul of a j ourney is liberty...to think, feel, do, just as one pleases". When experiencing nature in solitude, Hazlitt is able to appreciate it to its full extent by becoming one with nature. He says "when i am in the country i wish to vegetate like the country". A journey should be a time of freedom and peace, away from all things associated with city life. When travelling alone you are " a creature of the moment...free of all ties". A journey can provide "a little breathing space" to refresh and revitalize a person. When on a journey, Hazlitt says he begins "to feel, think and be myself again". He finds joy in living while in nature: "Give me the clear blue sky over my head, and the green turf beneath my feet...I laugh, I run, I leap, I sing for joy". Hazlitt's language describes the experience as being cathartic, like a return to the innocence of childhood. Hazlitt says the freedom found in nature comes from being away from people, and allowing the mind to rest.